Annex C

List of Floral and Faunal Species recorded within the Study Area

Annex C

Table 1 Representative Rare Plant Species (131 out of 151 Species) Recorded on Lamma Island (Extracted From Wong 1999)

Species	Family	Form	Rarity	Species	Family	Form	Rarity
Actinidia latifolia	Actinidiaceae	Liana	vr	Glycosmis parvifolia	Rutaceae	Shrub	vr
Alangium chinense	Alangiaceae	Tree	vr	Meliosma rigida	Sabiaceae	Tree	vr
Crinum asiaticum	Amaryllidaceae	Herb	vr	Kadsura heteroclita	Schisandraceae	Liana	vr
Ilex memecylifolia	Aquifoliaceae	Shrub	vr	Picrasma quassioides	Simaroubaceae	Tree	vr
Ilex viridis	Aquifoliaceae	Shrub	vr	Turpinia montana	Staphyleaceae	Tree	vr
Ilex kwangtungensis	Aquifoliaceae	Tree	vr	Camellia hongkongensis	Theaceae	Tree	vr
Ilex ficoidea	Aquifoliaceae	Tree	vr	Ternstroemia luteoflora	Theaceae	Tree	vr
Ilex rotunda	Aquifoliaceae	Tree	vr	Tutcheria spectabilis	Theaceae	Tree	vr
Arisaema penicillatum	Araceae	Herb	vr	Tutcheria microcarpa	Theaceae	Tree	vr
Arisaema erubescens	Araceae	Herb	vr	Grewia biloba	Tiliaceae	Shrub	vr
Asparagus lucidus	Asparagaceae	Vine	vr	Celtis biondii	Ulmaceae	Tree	vr
Balanophora harlandii	Balanophoraceae	Para	vr	Acanthus ilicifolius	Acanlhaceae	Shrub	r
Ehretia longiflora	Boraginaceae	Tree	vr	Artabotrys hongkongensis	Annonaceae	Liana	r
Cordia dichotoma	Boraginaceae	Tree	vr	Tectaria subtriphylla	Aspidiaceae	Herb	r
Buxus harlandii	Buxaceae	Shrub	vr	Impatiens chinensis	Balsaminaceae	Herb	r
Buxus sinica	Buxaceae	Shrub	vr	Viburnum odoratissimum	Caprifoliaceae	Tree	r
Caesalpinia bonduc	Caesalpiniaceae	Liana	vr	Microtropis latifolia	Celastraceae	Shrub	r
Capparis acutifolia	Capparaceae	Liana	vr	Euonymus laxiflorus	Celastraceae	Shrub	r
Lonicera macrantha	Caprifoliaceae	Liana	vr	Sarcandra glabra	Chloranthaceae	Shrub	r
Loeseneriella concinna	Celastraceae	Liana	vr	Aster panduratus	Compositae	Herb	r
Euonymus hederaceus	Celastraceae	Liana	vr	Tridax procumbens	Compositae	Herb	r
Euonymus longifolius	Celastraceae	Shrub	vr	Gahnia tristis	Cyperaceae	Herb	r
Gerbera piloselloides	Compositae	Herb	vr	Diospyros eriantha	Ebenaceae	Tree	r
Vernonia saligna	Compositae	Herb	vr	Alchornea trewioides	Euphorbiaceae	Shrub	r
Vernonia solanifolia	Compositae	Liana	vr	Antidesma japonicum	Euphorbiaceae	Tree	r
Aspidistra minutiflora	Convallariaceae	Herb	vr	Mallotus apelta	Euphorbiaceae	Tree	r
Merremia quinata	Convolvulaceae	Vine	vr	Bridelia insulana	Euphorbiaceae	Tree	r
Itea chinensis	Escalloniaceae	Tree	vr	Bischofia javanica	Euphorbiaceae	Tree	r
Euphorbia tirucalli	Euphorbiaceae	Shrub	vr	Pseudopogonatherum contortum	Gramineae	Herb	r
Antidesma paniculatum	Euphorbiaceae	Tree	vr	Stauntonia obovata	Lardizabalaceae	Liana	r
Mallotus hookerianus	Euphorbiaceae	Tree	vr	Stauntonia chinensis	Lardizabalaceae	Liana	r
Drypetes formosana	Euphorbiaceae	Tree	vr	Litsea monopetala	Lauraceae	Tree	r
Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia	Fagaceae	Tree	vr	Lindera communis	Lauraceae	Tree	r
Casearia glomerata	Flacourtiaceae	Tree	vr	Neolitsea pulchella	Lauraceae	Tree	r
Calophyllum membranaceum	Guttiferae	Shrub	vr	Bowringia callicarpa	Leguminosae	Liana	r
Altingia chinensis	Hamamelidaceae	Tree	vr	Indigofera hirsuta	Leguminosae	Shrub	r
Engelhardtia roxburgiana	Juglandaceae	Tree	vr	Ormosia emarginata	Leguminosae	Tree	r
Persea chinensis	Lauraceae	Tree	vr	Lycopodium cernuum	Lycopodiaceae	Herb	r
Litsea verticillata	Lauraceae	Tree	vr	Tinospora sinensis	Menispermaceae	Liana	r
Beilschmiedia fordii	Lauraceae	Tree	vr	Maclura cochinchinensis	Moraceae	Shrub	r
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon	Lauraceae	Tree	vr	Ficus virens	Moraceae	Tree	r
Albizia corniculata	Leguminosae	Liana	vr	Embelia vestita	Myrsinaceae	Liana	r
Abrus precatorius	Leguminosae	Liana	vr	Maesa perlarius	Myrsinaceae	Shrub	r
Millettia pulchra	Leguminosae	Shrub	vr	Myrsine seguinii	Myrsinaceae	Tree	r
Ormosia semicastrata	Leguminosae	Tree	vr	Ludwigia adscendens	Onagraceae	Herb	r
Gleditsia fera	Leguminosae	Tree	vr	Ludwigia octovalvis	Onagraceae	Herb	r
Thespesia populnea	Malvaceae	Tree	vr	Eulophia flava	Orchidaceae	Herb	r
Ficus sarmentosa	Moraceae	Liana	vr	Pentaphylax euryoides	Pentaphylacacea	Tree	r
Ficus pyriformis	Moraceae	Shrub	vr	Pittosporum tobira	Pittosporaceae	Shrub	r
Maclura tricuspidata	Moraceae	Shrub	vr	Podocarpus neriifolia	Podocarpaceae	Tree	r
Ardisia lindleyana	Myrsinaceae	Shrub	vr	Clematis uncinata	Ranunculaceae	Liana	r
Baeckea frutescens	Myrtaceae	Shrub	vr	Morinda villosa	Rubiaceae	Liana	r
Acmena acuminatissima	Myrtaceae	Tree	vr	Antirhoea chinensis	Rubiaceae	Shrub	r
Pholidota chinensis	Orchidaceae	Herb	vr	Adina pilulifera	Rubiaceae	Tree	r
Cymbidium ensifolium	Orchidaceae	Herb	vr	Toddalia asiatica	Rutaceae	Liana	r
Carallia brachiata	Rhizophoraceae	Tree	vr	Striga lutea	Scrophulariacea	Para	r
Rosa laveigata	Rosaceae	Liana	vr	Lepidagathis incurva	Scrophulariaceae	Herb	r
Prunus phaeosticta	Rosaceae	Tree	vr	Pterospermum heterophyllum	Sterculiaceae	Tree	r
Eriobotrya fragrans	Rosaceae	Tree	vr	Symplocos lucida	Symplocaceae	Tree	r
Ophiorrhiza pumila	Rubiaceae	Herb	vr	Camellia caudata	Theaceae	Tree	r
Mussaenda erosa	Rubiaceae	Liana	vr	Callicarpa kochiana	Verbenaceae	Shrub	r
Ixora chinensis	Rubiaceae	Shrub	vr	Clerodendrum fortunatum	Verbenaceae	Shrub	r
Lasianthus trichophlebus	Rubiaceae	Shrub	vr	Gmelina chinensis	Verbenaceae	Tree	r
Tarenna brevicymigera	Rubiaceae	Shrub	vr	Callicarpa nudiflora	Verbenaceae	Tree	r
Randia canthioides	Rubiaceae	Tree	vr	Vitis balanseana	Vitaceae	Liana	r
Tarenna mollissima	Rubiaceae	Tree	vr

Rarity : r = rare; vr = very rare.

Table 2 Bird Species Previously Recorded in Lamma (from literature review)

Group	Species	Number of individuals	Year of Record	Principal Status	Habitats	Remarks	Reference	Category with Respect to Wind Turbine
Fregatidae	Frigate Bird (Fregata sp.)	1	1975 (Nov)	unclassifed	Foraging: open water		HKBWS 1976	Secondary Species The species is a vagrant
	Lesser Frigate Bird (Fregata ariel)	1	1990 (Jun)	OV	Foraging: open water	Seen flying over Hung Shing Ye Wan	HKBWS 1991	Secondary Species The species is a vagrant
Ardeidae	Pacific Reef Egret (Egretta sacra)	1-13	1972, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998	R	Foraging: Rocky coastline Breeding: Rocky coastline	The highest count was 13 at Sok Kwu Wan in 1994	HKBWS 1973, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2002	Primary Species Ciconiiformes herons & storks are considered to be sensitive. Despite this the species utilizes coastal areas and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea)	1	1975 (Oct)	AM, P	Foraging: wetland Breeding: reedbed	Seen flying over the West Lamma Channel	HKBWS 1976	Primary Species Ciconiiformes herons & storks are considered to be sensitive. Despite this the species uses reedbed and wetland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Striated Heron (Butorides striatus)	1	2004 (Apr)	SV	Foraging: wetland, stream	Seen foraging in a stream near Sok Kwu Wan	So, unpublished data	Primary Species Ciconiiformes herons & storks are considered to be sensitive. Despite this the species utilizes wetland and stream and is unlikely to fly over the study area
	Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)	Up to 6	1996-2004	P	Foraging: wetland and coastal area Breeding: woodland edge	Seen next to piers of both Yung Shue Wan and Sok Kwu Wan	So, unpublished data	Primary Species Ciconiiformes herons & storks are considered to be sensitive. Despite this the species utilizes wetland and coastal area and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)	Up to 3	1996-2004	P	Foraging: wetland and coastal area Breeding: woodland edge	Seen next to piers of both Yung Shue Wan and Sok Kwu Wan	So, unpublished data	Primary Species Ciconiiformes herons & storks are considered to be sensitive. Despite this the species utilizes coastal area and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Chinese Pond Heron (Ardeola bacchus)	Not specified	Not specified	P	Foraging: wetland Breeding: woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species Ciconiiformes herons & storks are considered to be sensitive. Despite this the species utilizes wetland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis)	Not specified	Not specified	P	Foraging: grassland and marshy area Breeding: woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species Ciconiiformes herons & storks are considered to be sensitive. Despite this the species utilizes wetland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea)	Not specified	Not specified	WV	Foraging: wetland		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species Ciconiiformes herons & storks are considered to be sensitive. Despite this the species utilizes wetland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Yellow Bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis)	1	1999	PM, SV	Recorded in stream habitat		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species Ciconiiformes herons & storks are considered to be sensitive. Despite this the species utilizes wetland and stream and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Rallidae	White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus)	Up to 2	2004 (Apr)	R	Foraging: wetland Breeding: wetland	Seen in marshy area of Pak Kok and during this study	So, unpublished data	Secondary Species The species utilizes wetland and usually will not fly high, and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Water Cock (Gallicrex cinerea)	Not specified	Not specified	PM	Foraging: marshy area		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes wetland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Accipitridae	Black Kite (Milvus lineatus)	Up to 20	1998-1999, 2001-2002	WV, R	Foraging: open area Breeding: woodland edge		Walk 2001-2002; Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species is the most frequently encountered bird in the study and utilizes the study area as foraging site.
	Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)	Not specified	1990	WV	Foraging: wetland, stream		HKBWS 1991	Primary Species The species utilizes open area and the study area is a possible foraging site.
	Bonelli’s Eagle (Hieraetus fasciatus)	1	1972 (Sep)	R	Foraging: open area Breeding: Mountainous area		HKBWS 1973	Primary Species The species utilizes open area and the study area is a possible foraging site.
	White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster)	Up to 4	1975, 2001, 2002	R	Foraging: open water Breeding: coastline	Seen in the West Lamma Channel, and Ngai Tau	HKBWS 1976, Walk 2001-2002	Primary Species The ordinary flight line may cross the study area
	Crested Goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus)	Not specified	Not specified	R	Foraging: woodland and woodland edge Breeding: woodland		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species utilizes open area and the study area is a possible foraging site.
	Chinese Goshawk (Accipiter soloensis)	Not specified	Not specified	SM	Foraging: woodland and woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species utilizes open area and the study area is a possible foraging site.
Falconidae	Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)	Up to 2	1990 (Jan)	AM, WV	Foraging: open area		HKBWS 1991	Primary Species The species utilizes open area and the study area is a possible foraging site.
Charadriidae	Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva)	1	1996 (Apr)	M, WV	Foraging: mudflat and wetland	Seen in East Lamma Channel	HKBWS 1998	Primary Species Charadriiformes waders are considered to be particularly, or potentially, sensitive to wind farm. Despite the species utilizes wetlands and is unlikely to fly over the study area, this species is still classified as primary species.
Scolopacidae	Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres)	2	1996 (Apr)	M	Foraging: mudflat and wetland	Seen in East Lamma Channel	HKBWS 1998	Secondary Species The species utilizes wetlands and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos)	Not specified	Not specified	M, WV	Foraging: wetland and coastal area		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes wetlands and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Little Stint (Calidris minuta)	Not specified	Not specified	M	Foraging: wetland and marshy area		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes wetlands and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus)	Not specified	Not specified	M	Foraging: open water		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes wetlands and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Eurasian Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola)	Not specified	Not specified	WV	Foraging: woodland, woodland edge and along stream		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species is a ground-dweller and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea)	Not specified	Not specified	SM	Foraging: wetland		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes wetlands and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Laridae	Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris)	4	1975 (Dec)	WV, M	Foraging: open water	Seen in the West Lamma Channel	HKBWS 1976	Secondary Species The species utilizes open water and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus)	6500	1975 (Jan)	WV	Foraging: open water	Seen roosting along the West Lamma Channel	HKBWS 1976	Secondary Species The species utilizes open water and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybridus)	Up to 20	1983 (Aug), 1996 (Apr)	M	Foraging: open water Breeding: rocky island	Seen in water south of Lamma	HKBWS 1985, HKBWS 1998	Secondary Species The species utilizes open water and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	White-winged Tern (Chlidonias leucopterus)	50-80	1975 (Sep), 1981	M	Foraging: open water Breeding: rocky island	Seen in West Lamma Channel	HKBWS 1976, Carey et al. 2001	Secondary Species The species utilizes open water and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Black-napped Tern (Sterna sumatrana)	1	1993 (Aug)	SV	Foraging: open water Breeding: rocky island		HKBWS 1994	Primary Species Sternidae terns are considered to be sensitive. The species utilizes open water and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Common Tern (Sterna hirundo)	Up to 130	1972 (Aug), 1983 (Sep), 1996 (Apr)	M	Foraging: open water Breeding: rocky island	Seen in water south of Lamma and West Lamma Channel	HKBWS 1973, HKBWS 1985, HKBWS 1993, HKBWS 1995, HKBWS 1998 Carey et al. 2001	Primary Species Sternidae terns are considered to be sensitive. The species utilizes open water and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii)	16	1978	SV	Foraging: open water Breeding: rocky island	Seen in East Lamma Channel	Carey et al. 2001	Primary Species Sternidae terns are considered to be sensitive. The species utilizes open water and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Aleutian Tern (Sterna aleutica)	1-9	1993 (Aug), 1996 (Apr)	AM	Foraging: open water Breeding: rocky island	Seen in East Lamma Channel	HKBWS 1994, HKBWS 1998	Primary Species Sternidae terns are considered to be sensitive. The species utilizes open water and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica)	Up to 7	1980 (Apr), 1992 (Sep)	M	Foraging: open water	Seen in West Lamma Channel	HKBWS 1982, HKBWS 1993	Secondary Species The species utilizes open water and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus)	2	1996 (Apr)	SM	Foraging: open water	Seen in West Lamma Channel	HKBWS 1998	Secondary Species The species utilizes open water and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Columbidae	Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica)	Not specified	1990 (Nov), 2004	R	Foraging: woodland Breeding: woodland	This species is also recorded in this study	HKBWS 1991	Primary Species The species utilizes woodland and is recorded in the study area.
	Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis)	8	1998-1999	R	Foraging: open area, woodland edge Breeding: woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species utilizes habitats similar to those in the study area and may fly over them
	Rock Dove (Columba livia)	Not specified	Not specified	R	Foraging: open area near human settlement		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species There is only limited human settlement around the study area
Cuculidae	Common Koel (Eudynamys scolopacea)	Not specified	1998 (Nov-Dec)	SV, R	Foraging: woodland Breeding: woodland		HKBWS 2002	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Chestnut-winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus)	1	2004	SV	Foraging: woodland Breeding: woodland	Observer per. obs.		Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Black-winged Cuckoo (Coracina melaschistos)	3	1998	WV	Foraging: woodland Breeding: woodland		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Indian Cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus)	Not specified	Not specified	SV	Foraging: woodland Breeding: woodland		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis)	2	1998-1999	R	Foraging: woodland edge and shrubland Breeding: woodland and shrubland		Maunsell 2003	Primary Sepcies The species utilizes habitat types provided by the study area.
	Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis)	Not specified	Not specified	R	Foraging: woodland edge and shrubland Breeding: woodland and shrubland		Maunsell 2003	Primary Sepcies The species utilizes habitat types provided by the study area.
Alcedinidae	Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)	Not specified	1972	AM, P	Foraging: Rocky coastline, wetland Breeding: edge of pond or stream		HKBWS 1973	Secondary Species The study area does not contain suitable habitat for the species.
	White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon symrnensis)	Up to 4	1998-1998	AM, P	Foraging: wetland and woodland edge Breeding: rocky area		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The proposed site for the wind turbine is a possible foraging site and breeding site for the species.
	Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis)	Not specified	Not specified	R	Foraging: wetland Breeding: edge of pond or stream		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The study area does not contain suitable habitat for the species.
	Hoopoe (Upupa epops)	Not specified	Not specified	OV	Favours lawns and open grassland	Upupidae are unique ground-feeding birds	Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species This species is ground-feeding bird with curious flapping flight.
Coracidae	Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis)	1	1991 (Oct)	M	Foraging: woodland and open area		HKBWS 1992	Primary Species The species utilizes open area and may fly over the study area.
Apodidae	Pacific Swift (Apus pacificus)	Up to 11	1992 (Jul), 1995 (Jul) 1999 (Mar)	SM, SV	Foraging: in the air		HKBWS 1993, HKBWS 1996, Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species is an aerial-forager and may fly over the study area.
	Little Swift (Apus affinis)	Not specified	Not specified	R, SM	Foraging: in the air Breeding: cliff and roof of building		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species is an aerial-forager and may fly over the study area.
Hirundinidae	Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica)	Up to 7	1999	SV, SM	Foraging: in the air Breeding: building		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species is an aerial-forager and may fly over the study area.
Passeridae	Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus)	37	1998-1999	R	Recorded in shrubland/grassland	This species is familiar of urban areas	Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species Ths species is low-flying bird.
Motacillidae	Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava)	Not specified	Not specified	M, WV	Foraging: wetland		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The study area does not contain suitable habitat for the species.
	White Wagtail (Motacilla alba)	6	1998 (Sept & Dec)	WV	Foraging: wetland	This species is recorded in coastlines (including rocky shore and mudflat exposed in low tide)	Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The study area does not contain suitable habitat for the species.
	Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea)	1	1999 (Mar)	WV	Foraging: wetland	This species is recorded in coastlines (including rocky shore and mudflat exposed in low tide)	Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The study area does not contain suitable habitat for the species.
Campephagidae	Black-winged Cuckoo-shrike (Coracina melaschistos)	1	1998 (Sep)	AM, WV	Foraging: woodland	Seen at Sok Kwu Wan	HKBWS 2002	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Laniidae	Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus)	1	1990 (Oct), 1991 (Oct)	SM	Foraging: woodland edge, open area		HKBWS 1991, HKBWS 1992	Primary Species The study area has suitable foraging area for the species and it may fly over the study area.
	Long-tailed Shrike (Lanius schach)	1	1998	R	Foraging: open area Breeding: shrubland		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The study area has suitable foraging area for the species and it may fly over the study area.
Pycnonotidae	Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus)	Up to 25	2004	R	Foraging: wide range of habitats Breeding: wide range of habitats		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species utilizes habitats similar to the study area and may fly over the study area.
	Chinese Bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis)	Up to 17	2004	R	Foraging: wide range of habitats Breeding: wide range of habitats		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species utilizes habitats similar to the study area and may fly over the study area.
	Sooty-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster)	Not specified	Not specified	R	Foraging: woodland edge and shrubland Breeding: shrubland		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species utilizes habitats similar to the study area and may fly over the study area.
Turdidae	Grey Bushchat (Saxicola ferrea)	Not specified	Not specified	AM, WV	Foraging: woodland and shrubland		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species utilizes habitats similar to the study area and may fly over the study area.
	Siberian Rubythroat (Luscinia calliope)	Not specified	Not specified	WV	Foraging: woodland edge and shrubland		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species utilizes habitats similar to the study area and may fly over the study area.
	Blue Rock Thrush (Monticola solitarius)	Up to 3	1975 (Sep), 1991 (Apr)	WV, M	Foraging: rocky area		HKBWS 1976, HKBWS 1992	Primary Species The study area has suitable foraging area for the species and it may fly over the study area.
	Scaly Thrush (Zoothera dauma)	Not specified	1990 (Jan)	WV	Foraging: woodland		HKBWS 1991	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Grey-backed Thrush (Turdus hortulorum)	12	1998 (Dec)	WV	Foraging: woodland	Seen at Pak Kok	HKBWS 2002	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Pale Thrush (Turdus pallidus)	5	1998 (Dec)	WV, M	Foraging: woodland	Seen at Pak Kok	HKBWS 2002	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Blue Whistling Thrush (Myiophoneus caeruleus)	Not specified	Not specified	R	Foraging: woodland and along stream Breeding: woodland and along stream		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The study area does not have suitable habitat for this species.
	Daurian Redstart (Phoenicurus auroreus)	Not specified	Not specified	WV	Foraging: woodland, woodland edge and shrubland		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species utilizes habitats similar to the study area and may fly over the study area.
	Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis)	Up to 6	1998-1999	R	Foraging: woodland and woodland edge Breeding: woodland and woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and woodland edge and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Muscicapidae	Verditer Flycatcher (Eumyias thalassina)	1	1990 (Nov)	WV	Foraging: woodland	Male	HKBWS 1991	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Grey-streaked Flycatcher (Muscicapa griseisticta)	Not specified	Not specified	PM	Foraging: woodland		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Red-throated Flycatcher (Ficedula albicilla)	1	1974 (Feb), 1991	AM, WV	Foraging: Woodland		HKBWS 1975, HKBWS 1992	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Black-naped Monarch (Hypothymis azurea)	1	1995	WV, M	Foraging: woodland		HKBWS 1996	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Paridae	Great Tit (Parus major)	1	1998 (Dec)	R	Foraging: woodland and woodland edge Breeding: woodland and woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Timaliidae	White-browed Laughing Thrush (Garrulax sannio)	Not specified	1990 (Sep)	R	Foraging: woodland and shrubland Breeding: woodland and woodland edge		HKBWS 1991	Secondary Species The species forages at the undergrowth and it unlikely to fly over the area.
	Masked Laughing Thrush (Garrulax perspillatus)	Not specified	Not specified	R	Foraging: woodland and shrubland Breeding: woodland and woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species moves around in the undergrowth and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Hwamei (Garrulax canorus)	1	1999	R	Foraging: shrubland and woodland edge Breeding: shrubland and woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species moves around in the undergrowth and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Sylviidae	Lanceolated Warbler (Locustella lanceolata)	1	1990 (Nov)	AM	Foraging: wetland	Found dead at Yung Shue Long Tsuen	HKBWS 1991	Secondary Species The species utilizes wetland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Plain Prinia (Prinia inornata)	12	1991 (Dec)	R	Foraging: shrubland Breeding: shrubland		HKBWS 1992	Secondary Species The species moves around by flying short distance and low about ground, and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Yellow-bellied Prinia (Prinia flaviventris)	Not specified	Not specified	R	Foraging: shrubland Breeding: shrubland		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species moves around by flying short distance and low about ground, and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Artic Warbler (Phylloscopus borealoides)	Up to 6	1998 (Sep)	AM	Foraging: woodland and woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Yellow-browed Warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus)	Up to 4	1998 (Dec), 1999 (Mar)	WV	Foraging: woodland and woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Pallas’s Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus proregulus)	Not specified	1998	WV	Foraging: woodland		HKBWS 2002	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Pale-legged Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus tenellipes)	1	1998 (Dec)	AM	Foraging: woodland	Seen at Pak Kok	HKBWS 2002	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Dusky Warbler (Phylloscopus fuscatus)	1	1998 (Dec)	WV	Foraging: woodland and woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
	Common Tailorbird (Orthotomus sutorius)	4	1998	R	Foraging: woodland and shrubland Breeding: woodland and shrubland		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species is not a strong flyer and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Emberizidae	Crested Bunting (Melophus lathami)	1	1975, 1980 (May), 1992 (Dec)	R	Foraging: paddy field and grassland Breeding: rocky area		HKBWS 1976, HKBWS 1982, HKBWS 1993	Secondary Species Although there had been records of this species found on Lamma Island, it is rare and the surveys did not record it in the study area.
	Black-faced Bunting (Emberiza spodocephala)	Not specified	1996	M, WV	Foraging: open area and shrubland	Observer per. obs.		Secondary Species Although the species utilizes habitat similar to the study area, it usually forages close to the ground.
	Little Bunting (Emberiza pusilla)	Not specified	1996	WV	Foraging: open area	Observer per. obs.		Secondary Species Although the species utilizes habitat similar to the study area, it usually forages close to the ground.
Nectariniidae	Fork-tailed Sunbird (Aethopyga christinae)	1	1995 (Jan)	R	Foraging: woodland Breeding: woodland	Heard	HKBWS 1996	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Zosteropidae	Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonica)	8	1998	R, W	Foraging: woodland and woodland edge Breeding: woodland		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Estrildidae	Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata)	2	1998	R	Foraging: woodland edge and open area		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species This species usually forages along lower growth of vegetation or on the ground.
Sturnidae	Black-collared Starling (Sturnus nigricollis)	28	1998-1999	R	Foraging: woodland edge and open area		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The study area has suitable habitats for the species and it may fly over the study area.
	Crested Myna (Acridotheres cristatellus)	33	1998-1999	R	Foraging: shrubland and woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The study area has suitable habitats for the species and it may fly over the study area.
	Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa)	Not specified	Not specified	I	Foraging: woodland and woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Secondary Species The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area.
Dicruridae	Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus)	1	1994	M, SV	Foraging: woodland edge and open area		HKBWS 2002	Primary Species The study area has suitable habitats for the species and it may fly over the study area.
Corvidae	Common Magpie (Pica pica)	4	1998-1999	R	Foraging: open area and woodland edge		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species utilizes habitats similar to the study area and may fly over the study area.
	Large-billed Crow (Corvus macrorhynchus)	Not specified	Not specified	R	Foraging: open area		Maunsell 2003	Primary Species The species utilizes habitats similar to the study area and may fly over the study area.

Principle Status: OV=Occasional Visitor P=Present all year, SM=Spring Migrant, AM=Autumn Migrant, M=Migrant, SV=Summer Visitor, WV=Winter Visitor, R=Resident and I=Introduced.

The Principle Status of the birds follow Carey et al (2001).

Table 3 Butterfly Species Recorded Previously in Lamma Island (From Literature Review)

Common Name	Species Name	Abundance
Angled Castor	Ariadne ariadne	C
Baron	Euthalia phemius	UC
Birdwing	Troides helena	UC
Blue Glassy Tiger	Ideopsis similes	VC
Blue Pansy	Junonia orithya	UC
Blue Spotted Crow	Euploea midamus	VC
Chinese Peacock	Papilio bianor	C
Common Black Jezebel	Delias pasithoe	C
Common Faun	Faunis eumeus	C
Common Grass Yellow	Eurema hecabe	VC
Common Lascar	Pantoporia hordonia	C
Common Mormon	Papilio polytes	VC
Common White	Artogeia canidia	VC
Common White-banded Brown	Lethe confusa	C
Cornelian	Deudorix epijarbas	R
Dark Brand Bush Brown	Mycalesis mineus	VC
Dark Veined Tiger	Danaus genutia	VC
Fivebar Swordtail	Graphium antiphates	C
Golden Birdwing	Troides aeacus	R
Grass Demon	Udaspes folus	R
Great Eggfly	Hypolimnas bolina	C
Great Orange Tip	Hebomoia glaucippe	C
Grey Pansy	Junonia atlites	C
Hong Kong Cupid	Everes lacturnus	C
Hong Kong Fritillary	Argyreus hyperbius	VC
Hong Kong Lacewing	Cethosia biblis	UC
Lemon Pansy	Junonia lemonias	UC
Long-banded Silverline	Spindasis lohita	UC
Orange Awlet	Bibasis oedipodea	R
Painted Lady	Vanessa cardui	R
Paris Peacock	Papilio paris	VC
Punchinello	Zemeros flegyas	C
Red Admiral	Vanessa indica	UC
Red Helen	Papilio helenus	VC
Short-banded Sailor	Phaedyma columella	C
Small White	Artogeia rapae	R
Striped Blue Crow	Euploea mulciber	UC
Swallowtail	Papilio xuthus	UC
Tailed Green Jay	Graphium agamemnon	VC
Yellow Orange Tip	Ixias pyrene	UC

Abundance (Walthew 1997) : C = common, VC = very common, UN = uncommon, R = rare Information Extracted from Maunsell 2003.

Table 4 Category (Primary or Secondary) of the Bird Species Recorded within Lamma Island (Records from the Literature)

Family	Category	Criteria
Fregatidae	Secondary Species	The Frigate Birds are oceanic birds which are also long-distant migrants. There were 2 published records of Frigate Birds from Lamma, including one identified Fregata ariel flying over Hung Shing Yeh Wan (HKBWS 1976, 1991). Despite this the species is now classified as ‘Occasional Visitor’ to Hong Kong, the species is not regularly reported in Hong Kong waters. Therefore it is classified as secondary species in the study.
Ardeidae	Primary Species	The group includes the egrets, herons and bitterns. There are previous records of the group with a majority of records on Pacific Reef Egret (HKBWS 1973, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 and 2002). Purple Heron has also been recorded in the close vicinity of Lamma, which single bird was seen flying over the West Lamma Channel (HKBWS 1976). Although not formally published, Black-crowned Night Heron, Little Egret and Striated Heron were recorded in the study site (So, unpublished data). Chinese Pond Heron, Cattle Egret, Grey Heron and Yellow Bittern are also recorded by Maunsell (2003). Ciconiiformes herons & storks terns are considered to be particularly, or potentially, sensitive to wind farm. Despite the species utilizes habitat irrelevant to the Study Area and is unlikely to fly over the study area, this species is still classified as primary species.
Rallidae	Secondary Species	Up to two individuals of the White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus) was recorded in 2004, in Pak Kok (so, unpublished data). The species was also recorded in this study. The rare Hong Kong passage migrant Water Cock was also recorded. As these species utilizes wetland and usually will not fly high, and are unlikely to fly over the study area, therefore they are classified as secondary species.
Accipitridae	Primary Species	Six species were previous reported, which are Black-eared Kite, Common Buzzard, Crested Goshawk, Chinese Goshawk, Bonelli’s Eagle and White-bellied Sea Eagle (HKBWS 1973, 1976 and 1991, Maunsell 2003). The residential bird White-bellied Sea Eagle was also recorded flying below 100m above the study area and the Black Kite is also recorded in this study. Accipitridae raptors are considered to be particularly, or potentially, sensitive to wind farm, and therefore they are all classified as primary species.
Falconidae	Primary Species	Up to two individuals were seen on Lamma Island (HKBWS 1991). As the species utilizes open area and the study area is a possible foraging habitat, it is classified as primary species.
Charadriidae	Primary Species	A single record of one Pacific Golden Plover being seen in East Lamma Channel (HKBWS 1998). Charadriiformes waders are considered to be particularly, or potentially, sensitive to wind farm. Despite the species utilizes wetlands and is unlikely to fly over the study area, this species is still classified as primary species.
Scolopacidae	Secondary Species	A Ruddy Turnstone was seen in the East Lamma Channel (HKBWS 1998). The species utilizes wetlands and is unlikely to fly over the study area, therefore it is classified as secondary species. Other members from this family include the Common Sandpiper, Little Stint, Red-necked Phalarope, Curlew Sandpiper and Eurasian Woodcock. As the study area does not contain suitable habitat for these species, they are all classified as secondary species.
Laridae	Primary/ Secondary Species	This group includes gulls, terns and Jaeger. A total of 9 species were recorded in West and East Lamma Channels, and water south of Lamma Island. They are the Black-tailed Gull, Black-headed Gull, Whiskered Tern, White-winged Tern, Common Tern, Roseate Tern, Aleutian Tern, Gull-billed Tern and Long-tailed Jaeger (HKBWS 1973, 1976, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, Carey et al. 2001). There was also one record of Black-napped Tern from Lamma Island with unspecified location (HKBWS 1994). Sternidae terns are considered to be particularly, or potentially, sensitive to wind farm. Despite those species utilize open water and are unlikely to fly over the study area, those species are still classified as primary species. As the remaining species recorded in this group utilize open water and are unlikely to fly over the study area, they are all classified as secondary species.
Columbidae	Primary/ Secondary Species	There was record of Emerald Dove from Lamma Island (HKBWS 1991), which was also recorded in this study. The species utilizes woodland and had been recorded in the study area during this study, and therefore may fly over the study area. It is classified as primary species. Another species Spotted Dove had been recorded in Lamma Island (Maunsell 2003). This species utilizes habitats similar to those in the study area and may fly over them, it is classified as primary species. Rock Dove utilizes open area near human settlement. As there is only limited human settlement around the study area, it is classified as secondary species.
Alcedinidae	Primary/ Secondary Species	Four species from this group had been recorded on Lamma Island, including Common Kingfisher, the White-throated Kingfisher, the Pied Kingfisher and Hoopoe (HKBWS 1973 and 2002, Maunsell 2003). The White-throated Kingfisher utilizes habitat similar to the study area, and is also recorded in this study in the close vicinity of the proposed site of the construction of wind turbine. Therefore it is classified as primary species. The study area does not contain suitable habitat for the Common Kingfisher and the Pied Kingfisher, and therefore they are classified as secondary species. Hoopoe is a ground feeding bird on open lawn and grassland and is therefore classified as secondary species.
Coracidae	Primary Species	Dollarbirdr was recorded previous (HKBWS 1992). As the species also utilizes similar habitats as those in the study area, and therefore it is also classified as primary species.
Cuculidae	Primary/ Secondary Species	This group consists of koel, cuckoos and coucals. The Common Koel (Eudynays scolopacea) was recorded on Lamma Island (HKBWS 2002), and was also recorded in this study. The Chestnut-winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus) was recorded in Sok Kwu Bay in 2004 (So, unpublished data). Indian Cuckoo was recorded in this study with up to 2 individuals and the Black-winged Cuckoo was also recorded. As all of these species utilize woodland habitat and are unlikely to fly over the study area, they are classified as secondary species. Greater Coucal and Lesser Coucal were recorded in this study. They utilize shrubland and woodland edge which also provided by the study area. The possibilities of these species flying over the study area lead to their primary species status.
Apodidae	Primary Species	Pacific Swift was recorded previously on Lamma Island (HKBWS 1992 and 1996), and was also recorded in this study. Little Swift was also recorded in this study. As both species are aerial-forager and may fly over the study area, they are classified as primary species.
Hirundinidae	Primary Species	Barn Swallow was recorded in this study. As the species is aerial-forager and may fly over the study area, it is classified as primary species.
Passeridae	Secondary Species	Tree Sparrow was recorded previously near Sok Kwu Wan (Maunsell 2003). Although the study area has suitable foraging habitat for this species, it is not a strong flyer and is unlikely to fly over the study area and is classified as secondary species.
Motacillidae	Secondary Species	This group contains the wagtails. Yellow Wagtail, White Wagtail and Grey Wagtail were recorded on the island (Maunsell 2003). As the study area does not contain suitable habitat for the species, it is therefore classified as secondary species.
Campephagidae	Secondary Species	Black-winged Cuckoo-shrike had been recorded at Sok Kwu Wan in 1998 (HKBWS 2002). The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area, therefore it is classified as secondary species.
Laniidae	Primary Species	Brown Shrike was recorded in the study area in 1990 and 1991 (HKBWS 1991 and 1992). Long-tailed Shrike was recorded in this study. The study area has suitable foraging area for both species and they may fly over the study area, therefore they are classified as primary species.
Pycnonotidae	Primary Species	Three species from the group were recorded in this study, which are Red-whiskered Bulbul, Chinese Bulbul and Sooty-headed Bulbul. As these species utilize habitats similar to the study area and may fly over the proposed site for wind turbine, they are classified as primary species.
Turdidae	Primary/ Secondary Species	This group includes bushchat, rubythroat, robins, redstart and thrushes. Blue Rock Thrush was recorded on Lamma Island with up to three individuals seen (HKBWS 1976 and 1992). The species forages in rocky area and the study area has suitable foraging area for the species, and it may fly over the study area. Therefore it is classified as primary species. Grey Bushchat, Siberian Rubythroat and Daurian Redstart were recorded previously on Lamma (Maunsell 2003). As they utilize habitats similar to the study area and may fly over the proposed wind turbine, they are classified as primary species. Other thrushes such as Scaly Thrush, Grey-backed Thrush, Pale Thrush and Blue Whistling Thrush were also recorded on the island (HKBWS 1991, 2002, Maunsell 2003). In addition the Oriental Magpie Robin was also recorded in this study. As these species utilize woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area, therefore they are classified as secondary species.
Muscicapidae	Secondary Species	This group includes the flycathers and monarch. There were records of Verditer Flycatcher, Red-throated Flycatcher, Black-naped Monarch and Grey-streaked Flycatcher on Lamma Island (HKBWS 1975, 1991, 1992, 1996 and Maunsell 2003). Those species utilize woodland and are unlikely to fly over the study area, and therefore are classified as secondary species.
Paridae	Secondary Species	Great Tit was recorded in the Sok Kwu Wan (Maunsell 2003). As the species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area, it is classified as secondary species.
Timaliidae	Secondary Species	White-browed Laughing was recorded on Lamma Island (HKBWS 1991). In addition, Masked Laughing Thrush and Hwamei were recorded in this study. As these species forage at the undergrowth and it unlikely to fly over the area, therefore they are classified as secondary species.
Sylviidae	Secondary Species	Lanceolated Warbler, a rare autumn migrant, had been record on Lamma Island in 1990 (HKBWS 1991). Up to 12 Plain Prinia were recorded on the Island (HKBWS 1992) and it was recorded in this study. Although this species utilizes habitats similar to the study area, it usually moves around by flying short distance and low about ground, and is unlikely to fly over the study area. It is therefore classified as secondary species. Pallas’s Leaf Warbler and Pale-legged Leaf Warbler were also recorded (HKBWS 2002). In addition, Common Tailorbird was recorded in this study. Artic Warbler, Yellow-bellied Prinia, Yellow-browed Warbler and Dusky Warbler were all reported in Sok Kwu Wan (Maunsell 2003). As these species forage in woodland area and are unlikely to fly over the study are, therefore they are all classified as secondary species.
Emberizidae	Secondary Species	Both Black-faced Bunting and Little Bunting had been recorded in 1996 (So, unpublished data). Although the species utilizes habitat similar to the study area, it usually forages close to the ground and are classified as secondary species. There were previous records of Crested Bunting on the island which utilized habitats similar to the study area (HKBWS 1976, 1981 and 1993). However, the Crested Bunting has now become very rare due to the disappearance of paddy field in Hong Kong, and therefore it is classified as secondary species.
Nectariniidae	Secondary Species	There was a single record of Fork-tailed Sunbird in 1995 (HKBWS 1996). The species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area. It is classified as secondary species.
Zosteropidae	Secondary Species	The Japanese White-eye was recorded in this study. However, as the species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area, it is therefore classified as secondary species.
Estrildidae	Secondary Species	Scaly-breasted Munia was recorded previously (Maunsell 2003). As this species usually forage in the lower growth of vegetation, they are classified as secondary species.
Sturnidae	Primary/ Secondary Species	The introduced Hill Myna was recorded previously on the island (Maunsell 2003). As the species utilizes woodland and is unlikely to fly over the study area, it is classified as secondary species. Black-collared Starling and Crested Myna were also recorded in Lamma. These species utilize open area and woodland edge. The study area has suitable habitats for the species and they may fly over the proposed site for the wind turbine and therefore they are classified as primary species.
Dicruridae	Primary Species	Black Drongo had been recorded in 1994 (HKBWS 2002) as well as in this study. As the study area has suitable habitats for the species and it may fly over the proposed wind turbine, it is therefore classified as primary species.
Corvidae	Primary Species	Common Magpie and Large-billed Crow were recorded in this study. As both species may fly over the study area when foraging, therefore they are classified as primary species.

Table 5 Plant Species Recorded Within the Study Area

				Local Abundance
Species	Growth Form	Origin	Status	Secondary Woodland	Shrubland	Shrubby Grassland	Village/Developed Area	Stream	Project Area
Acacia confusa	T	E	VC	A	O			F
Ageratum conyzoides	H	N	VC		A
Albizia lebbeck	T	N	C	F				F
Alocasia macrorrhiza	H	N	VC	O			F
Annona squamosa	S	E	C	F
Antidesma bunius	S	N	C		O
Aporusa dioica	S	N	VC	F	F	O		F
Aquilaria sinensis	T	N	C	F				O
Archidendron lucidum	S	N	VC		F			F
Artocarpus heterophyllus	T	E	C				F
Asparagus cochinchinensis	H	N	C	O
Averrhoa carambola	S	N	C				F
Bambusa spp.	T	N	C	O				S
Breynia fruticosa	S	N	VC		F	O		F
Bridelia tomentosa	S	N	VC	F	F		F		F
Callicarpa cathayana	S	N	C	F
Carex chinensis	G	N	C		O			F
Cassytha filiformis	C	N	VC		F	F			F
Casuarina equisetifolia	T	E	VC	O
Celtis sinensis	T	N	C		O			O
Centella asiatica	H	N	VC		O
Cerbera manghas	T	E	C	S
Chrysanthemum indicum	S	N	C		O				O
Cinnamomum camphora	T	N	C	F			O
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon	T	N	C	O
Citrus sinensis	S	E	C				F
Clausena lansium	S	N	VC	O			F
Clerodendrum fortunatum	S	N	VC	O	O				O
Clerodendrum inerme	S	N	C	O
Cocculus orbiculatus	C	N	C	O	F
Cratoxylumcochinchinensis	S	N	VC	O	F			F
Cyperus rotundus	G	N	VC		O	F		F
Dalbergia benthami	C	N	C	F	F			F
Dalbergia millettii	C	N	VC	F	F			F
Daphniphyllum calycinum	T	N	C		O
Dianella ensifolia	H	N	VC		F	O
Dicranopteris linearis	F	N	VC		O	O		O	O
Digitaria sanquinalis	G	N	C		O
Dimocarpus longan	T	N	C	F	O		O
Duranta repens	S	E	C	F
Embelia laeta	C	N	VC		F	O		F	O
Embelia ribes	C	N	C		F			F
Eriachne pallescens	G	N	C			A
Erigeron floribundus	H	N	VC						O
Eurya nitida	S	N	VC		F	F		F	O
Ficus hirta	T	N	VC	O
Ficus hispida	T	N	VC	F			F
Ficus microcarpa	T	N	VC	O	F			O
Ficus variegata	T	N	C	F
Garcinia oblongifolia	T	N	C	F
Glochidion lanceolatum	S	N	C	F					O
Gnetum montanum	C	N	C	F				O
Gardenia jasminoides	S	N	C	F
Gordonia axillaris	S	N	C	O	O			O
Gymnema sylvestre	C	N	C		F	O		O	O
Hedyotis acutangula	H	N	VC		F
Helicteres angustifolia	H	N	VC		F	F		O	F
Ilex asprella	S	N	VC	F	F	F		O	F
Inula cappa	H	N	VC		F	F		F
Ipomoea cairica	C	N	VC		O				O
Ischaemum aristatum	G	N	VC		F	D		O	A
Lantana camara	S	E	VC	O	F			F	O
Leucaena leucocephala	S	N	VC	F
Ligustrum sinensis	S	N	VC	F	F
Litchi chinensis	T	N	C				O
Litsea cubeba	T	N	C		F
Litsea glutinosa	T	N	VC	F		O		O	F
Litsea rotundifolia	S	N	VC	O	F	O		O	F
Livistona chinensis	P	N	VC	O			O	S
Lygodium dichotomum	C	N	VC	O	O	F			O
Macaranga tanarius	T	N	VC	F	O		F		O
Machilus velutina	T	N	C	O
Macroptilium atropurpureum	S	E	C		F
Mallotus paniculatus	T	N	C	F	F			S
Mangifera indica	T	N	VC	O
Melaleuca leucadendron	T	E	C	A
Melastoma candidum	S	N	VC		F	F		F	F
Melodinus monogynus	C	N	C	F
Michelia alba	T	E	C				F
Microcos paniculata	S	N	C	F
Mikania micrantha	C	E	VC		O		F
Millettia reticulata	C	N	VC		F			F
Miscanthus sinensis	G	N	VC					O
Morus alba	S	N	C		O			O
Musa paradisiaca	S	N	C	O			F
Mussaenda pubescens	S	N	VC	O	F			F
Nerium indicum	S	E	VC		O
Neyraudia arundinacea	G	N	VC		O			O	O
Paederia scandens	C	N	C	F	O
Pandanus tectorius	S	N	VC		S
Panicum maximum	G	N	C	O	O
Paspalum conjugatum	G	N	C		O
Pavetta hongkongensis*	S	N	P	S
Pennisetum purpureum	G	N	C		O
Phoenix hanceana	P	N	C		O
Phyllanthus emblica	T	N	C		F			F	O
Phyllanthus cochinchinensis	S	N	VC	O		F
Psychotria rubra	S	N	VC	F	F			F
Pteroloma triquetrum	H	N	VC		F
Punica granatum	S	N	C				F
Rhaphiolepis indica	S	N	VC		F	F
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa	S	N	VC		A	F			F
Rhus chinensis	S	N	VC					F	F
Rhus succedanea	S	N	VC	F	F			F
Rhynchelytrum repens	G	N	VC			F			O
Saccharum officinarum	S	N	C				O
Sapium discolor	S	N	C	O	O
Sapium sebiferum	S	N	C		F
Schefflera octophylla	S	N	VC	F	F			F
Setaria glauca	G	N	C		O	F
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis	H	N	VC		F	O
Sterculia lanceolata	T	N	C	F
Strobbilanthes alata	S	N	C		O
Strophanthus divaricatus	C	N	VC	F		O
Thevetia peruviana	S	E	VC		O
Trema orientalis	S	N	VC		F			F
Tricalysia dubia	S	N	VC	O			F
Wedelia chinensis	C	N	VC		F
Wikstroemia chinensis	S	N	VC	F	F
Uvaria microcarpa	C	N	C	F	O
Vitex negundo	S	N	C	O	F
Zanthoxylum avicennae	S	N	VC	F
Total no. of Species				64	74	25	18	42	25

Abundance: A=Abundant; F=Frequent; O=Occasional; S=Scarce

Status: C=Common; VC=Very Common; P=Protected

Plant Form: G=Grass; Climber; H=Herb; P=Palm; S=Shrub; T=Tree

Origin: N=Native; E=Exotic

* Indicated Species of Conservation Interest

Table 6 Bird Species Recorded during Point Count Surveys

				Point Count Location
Bird Species	Scientific Names	Status	Activities	W1	W2	W3	S1	S2	S3	G1	G2	G3
Black Kite*	Milvus migrans	WV, R	Fl, Fr	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O
White-bellied Sea Eagle*	Haliaeetus leucogaster	R	Fl
Chinese Francolin	Francolinus pintadeanus	R	P, Br				O	O	O		O	O
White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus	R	Fr	O
Spotted Dove	Streptopelia chinensis	R	P, Fr	O	O	O	O
Oriental Turtel Dove	Streptopelia orientalis	WV	P	O
Emerald Dove*	Chalcophaps indica	R	P		O	O
Large Hawk Cuckoo	Cuculus sparverioides	SV	Br
Indian Cuckoo	Cuculus micropterus	SV	Br, Fl	O	O	O					O
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo	Clamator coromandus	SV	Br			O
Common Koel	Eudynamis scolopacea	SV, R	Br	O	O	O
Greater Coucal*	Centropus sinensis	R	P, Fr	O			O
Lesser Coucal*	Centropus bengalensis	R	P, Fr	O	O	O	O	O			O
Savanna Nightjar	Caprimulgus affinis	SV, WV	Fl								O
Pacific Swift	Apus pacificus	SM, SV	Fl
Little Swift	Apus affinis	R, SM	Fl				O
Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica	SM, SV	Fl	O		O	O			O	O
Red-rumped Swallow	Hirundo daurica	M	Fl	O						O
White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis	AM, P	P, Fl			O	O
Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer monttanus	R	P, Fr, Br	O
Red-whiskered Bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus	R	P, Fr, Br	O	O	O			O	O	O	O
Chinese Bulbul	Pyconotus sinensis	R	P, Fr, Br	O	O	O	O	O		O	O	O
Sooty-headed Bulbul	Pyconotus aurigaster	R	P, Fr			O	O	O	O	O	O	O
Oriental Magpie Robin	Copsychus saularis	R	P, Fr, Br	O	O	O			O	O
Yellow-bellied Prinia	Prinia flaviventris	R	P				O		O
Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata	R	P
Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius	R	P, Fr	O	O	O						O
Masked Laughing Thrush	Garrulax perspicillatus	R	P, Fr		O	O			O
Hwamei	Garrulax canorus	R	P, Br		O		O	O	O	O	O	O
Japanese White-eye	Zosterops japonica	R, WV	Fl	O	O
Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach	R	P			O		O	O		O	O
Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus	M, SV	P, Fl	O		O	O	O	O
Common Magpie	Pica pica	R	P, Fl			O				O
Large -billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchus	R	Fl			O
Black-collared Starling	Sturnus nigricollis	R	P, Fl	O	O	O		O	O	O
White-shouldered Starling	Sturnus sinensis	M, WV, SV	P	O
Crested Myna	Acridotheres cristatellus	R	P, Fl	O	O		O			O		O
White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata	R	Fr, Br	O					O

‘O’ sign indicates that the species was encountered at the particular sampled point during the surveys.

Principle Status: P=Present all year, SM=Spring Migrant, AM=Autumn Migrant, M=Migrant, SV=Summer Visitor, WV=Winter Visitor, R=Resident.

Activities P = perching/preening, Fr = foraging, Fl = Flying above, Br = Breeding activities.

* Indicates Species of Conservation Interest
Table 7a Details of Bird Survey Record in Woodland

		W1						W2						W3
Bird Species	Scientific Names	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5	Day 6	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5	Day 6	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5	Day 6
Black Kite	Milvus migrans	6	4			1		7			6	1		2	4	6	1	8
White-bellied Sea Eagle	Haliaeetus leucogaster
Chinese Francolin	Francolinus pintadeanus
White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus		1
Spotted Dove	Streptopelia chinensis	2	2	1	1	1	1		1		1	2		1	1		2	2
Oriental Turtel Dove	Streptopelia orientalis		1
Emerald Dove	Chalcophaps indica								1	1	1		1					1
Large Hawk Cuckoo	Cuculus sparverioides
Indian Cuckoo	Cuculus micropterus	1					1	1		1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo	Clamator coromandus															1
Common Koel	Eudynamis scolopacea	1							1					1			1	1
Greater Coucal	Centropus sinensis	1	1	1	2		1		1	2	1			1	1	1	1	2
Lesser Coucal	Centropus bengalensis	1		2		1		1		1		1			1
Savanna Nightjar	Caprimulgus affinis
Pacific Swift	Apus pacificus
Little Swift	Apus affinis
Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica					4												2
Red-rumped Swallow	Hirundo daurica					2
White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis																	1
Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer monttanus		3		2	4	1
Red-whiskered Bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus	2	2		3	2	3	1	2	2	5	2		2	2		2	1	2
Chinese Bulbul	Pyconotus sinensis	2	2		2	2	2	4					3				1	2	1
Sooty-headed Bulbul	Pyconotus aurigaster																	2
Oriental Magpie Robin	Copsychus saularis	1	2	1	2	1	2		1	1	2	3	1	1	1		1
Yellow-bellied Prinia	Prinia flaviventris
Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata
Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius	2			1	1			1	2	1	1	1	1	2			1
Masked Laughing Thrush	Garrulax perspicillatus										2				3
Hwamei	Garrulax canorus								1			1	1
Japanese White-eye	Zosterops japonica			1	3		3						2
Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach																		1
Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus	2		1	1									1	1
Common Magpie	Pica pica													2	1			1
Large -billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchus													1
Black-collared Starling	Sturnus nigricollis				2			1	1
White-shouldered Starling	Sturnus sinensis				2
Crested Myna	Acridotheres cristatellus	2			2	3	1	2
White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata		1	2	2

Table 7b Details of Bird Survey Record in Shrubland

		S1						S2						S3
Bird Species	Scientific Names	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5	Day 6	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5	Day 6	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5	Day 6
Black Kite	Milvus migrans	23	15	11	15			18	8	18						10
White-bellied Sea Eagle	Haliaeetus leucogaster
Chinese Francolin	Francolinus pintadeanus		1	1			1	1	1	1	1	1				1		1
White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus
Spotted Dove	Streptopelia chinensis					1
Oriental Turtel Dove	Streptopelia orientalis
Emerald Dove	Chalcophaps indica
Large Hawk Cuckoo	Cuculus sparverioides
Indian Cuckoo	Cuculus micropterus
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo	Clamator coromandus
Common Koel	Eudynamis scolopacea
Greater Coucal	Centropus sinensis						2
Lesser Coucal	Centropus bengalensis	1	1		3	1	1		1	1	1		1
Savanna Nightjar	Caprimulgus affinis
Pacific Swift	Apus pacificus
Little Swift	Apus affinis									1
Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica						1
Red-rumped Swallow	Hirundo daurica
White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis			1
Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer monttanus
Red-whiskered Bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus			4												2	3		1
Chinese Bulbul	Pyconotus sinensis		2	3	4			4	3				2
Sooty-headed Bulbul	Pyconotus aurigaster					3		2											1
Oriental Magpie Robin	Copsychus saularis																1		1
Yellow-bellied Prinia	Prinia flaviventris				1													1
Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata
Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius
Masked Laughing Thrush	Garrulax perspicillatus																		4
Hwamei	Garrulax canorus			2	1		1		1	1	1	1	1				1
Japanese White-eye	Zosterops japonica
Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach								1		1					1
Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus									1							1		1
Common Magpie	Pica pica
Large -billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchus
Black-collared Starling	Sturnus nigricollis					1											2	2	2
White-shouldered Starling	Sturnus sinensis
Crested Myna	Acridotheres cristatellus		1				1												1
White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata																	2

Table 7c Details of Bird Survey Record in Shrubby Grassland

		G1						G2						G3
Bird Species	Scientific Names	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5	Day 6	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5	Day 6	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5	Day 6
Black Kite	Milvus migrans	2	2			2		2	4					1			1
White-bellied Sea Eagle	Haliaeetus leucogaster
Chinese Francolin	Francolinus pintadeanus								1		1			1
White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus
Spotted Dove	Streptopelia chinensis
Oriental Turtel Dove	Streptopelia orientalis
Emerald Dove	Chalcophaps indica
Large Hawk Cuckoo	Cuculus sparverioides
Indian Cuckoo	Cuculus micropterus								1
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo	Clamator coromandus
Common Koel	Eudynamis scolopacea
Greater Coucal	Centropus sinensis
Lesser Coucal	Centropus bengalensis									1
Savanna Nightjar	Caprimulgus affinis							1
Pacific Swift	Apus pacificus
Little Swift	Apus affinis
Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica		1										1
Red-rumped Swallow	Hirundo daurica	2
White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis
Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer monttanus
Red-whiskered Bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus			2									2	3					2
Chinese Bulbul	Pyconotus sinensis	3										1			4		3		1
Sooty-headed Bulbul	Pyconotus aurigaster	3				3			3					2			3		3
Oriental Magpie Robin	Copsychus saularis					1
Yellow-bellied Prinia	Prinia flaviventris
Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata
Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius													1		1		1
Masked Laughing Thrush	Garrulax perspicillatus
Hwamei	Garrulax canorus	1											1						1
Japanese White-eye	Zosterops japonica
Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach											1					1
Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus				1	1
Common Magpie	Pica pica			1								2					1
Large -billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchus
Black-collared Starling	Sturnus nigricollis			2							2
White-shouldered Starling	Sturnus sinensis
Crested Myna	Acridotheres cristatellus	2						2						2				2
White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata

Table 8 Flight Attempts of All Primary Bird Species Recorded within Zone 5 (Total Number of Individuals was presented in Brackets). Observation time was 6 hours (360 minutes) per day. Each of the Flight Attempt has lasted for not more than 30 seconds.

		Mean Utilisation Rate (Birds/min)	Day 1 (20^th May 2004)			Day 2 (23^rd May 2004)			Day 3 (26^th May 2004)			Day 4 (29^th May 2004)			Day 5 (30^th May 2004)			Day 6 (6^th June 2004)
Weather			Overcast			Sunny			Sunny			Sunny			Rainy			Cloudy
Wind Direction			45°			45°			45°			45°			45°			45°
Visibility			>2km			>2km			>2km			>2km			>2km			>2km
Flight height		Height above10 and below100m	<10m	>10m<100m	>100m	<10m	>10m<100m	>100m	<10m	>10m<100m	>100m	<10m	>10m<100m	>100m	<10m	>10m<100m	>100m	<10m	>10m<100m	>100m
Bird Species	Behaviour recorded
Black Kite Milvus migrans	Foraging and soaring	0.0333		14 (23)	4 (23)		19 (19)	10 (19)		13 (21)	7 (21)		19 (18)			72 (21)	2 (21)		7 (16)
White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster	Flying pass over the Study Area																1 (1)
Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis	Flying pass over the Study Area		3 (3)									4 (4)						1 (1)
Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis	Flying pass over the Study Area											1 (1)
Little Swift Apus affinis	Foraing and Flying	0.0004																	2 (2)
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica	Foraing and Flying	0.0007			1 (1)														3 (3)
White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis	Flying pass over the Study Area		1 (1)
Chinese Bulbul Pyconotus sinensis	Flying pass over the Study Area		4 (4)
Sooty-headed Bulbul Pyconotus aurigaster	Flying pass over the Study Area		18 (18)						2 (2)
Common Magpie Pica pica	Flying pass over the Study Area		1 (1)												1 (1)
Black-collared Starling Sturnus nigricollis	Flying pass over the Study Area		4 (4)									2 (2)
Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus	Flying pass over the Study Area					3 (3)			4 (4)									3 (3)

Table 9 Butterfly Species Recorded in the Study Area

Common Name	Species Name	Relative Abundance					Commonness
		Secondary Woodland	Shrubland	Shrubby Grassland	Village/ Developed Areas	Stream
Plum Judy	Abisara echerius	A	A	A			VC
Common Hedge Blue	Actyolepis puspa	A	C				C
Bush Hopper*	Ampittia dioscorides	S					UC
Angled Castor	Ariadne ariadne	C					C
Common White	Artogeia canidia	C	O	O			VC
Colour Sergeant	Athyma nefte	C					C
Common Sergeant	Athyma perius	C					C
Lemon Emigrant	Catopsilia pomona	S	O				C
Mottled Emigrant	Catopsilia pyranthe	S	O				C
Common Gull	Cepora nerissa	C	S	S			C
Red Lacewing*	Cethosia biblis	S					UC
Lime Blue	Chilades lajus	O	O	O			VC
Common Mine	Chilasa clytia	A	O	O			C
Rustic	Cupha erymanthis	O					VC
Common Mapwing	Cyrestis thyodamas	S					C
Red-based Jezebel	Delias pasithoe	O	O				VC
Common Duffer*	Discophora sondaica	C					UC
Common Palmfly	Elymnias hypermnestra	S					C
Blue-spotted Crow	Euploea midamus	O					VC
Common Grass Yellow	Eureman hecabe	C	O	O			VC
White-edged Blue Baron*	Euthalia phemius	S					UC
Tailed Cupid	Everes lacturnus	C	O				C
Large Faun	Faunis eumeus	O	S				VC
Tailed Jay	Graphium agamemnon	O		O			VC
Common Jay	Graphium doson	S					C
Common Blue bottle	Graphium sarpedono	A	O	S	S		VC
Great Orange Tip	Hebomoia glaucippe	O		O			C
Purple Sapphire	Heliophorous epicles	S					C
Red Ring Skirt	Hestina assimilis	O	S				C
Tree Flitter*	Hyarotis adrastus	O					UC
Great Egg-fly	Hypolimnas bolina	C					VC
Ceylon Blue Tiger	Ideopsis similes	C		O			VC
Yellow Orange Tip*	Ixias pyrene	O	O				UC
Dark Cerulean	Jamides bochus	S					C
Grey Pansy	Junonia atlites	A					C
Lemon Pansy	Junonia lemonias	C	O	O			C
Banded Tree Brown	Lethe confusa	C	S	O			VC
Common Evening Brown	Melanitis leda	C					C
Dark-band Bush Brown	Mycalesis mineus	O	O	O			VC
South Sullied Sailer	Neptis clinia	O					C
Common Sailer	Neptis hylas	O		O			VC
Chestnut Angle	Odontoptilum augulatum	S					C
Common Lascar	Pantoporia hordonia	S					C
Chinese Peacock	Papilio bianor	O		S			VC
Lime Butterfly	Papilio demoleus		C	C			C
Red Helen	Papilio helenus	O	S				VC
Great Mormon	Papilio memnon	O		S			VC
Paris Peacock	Papilio paris	O	O	S	S		VC
Common Mormon	Papilio polytes	A	C	O	S		VC
Spangle	Papilio protentor	O					VC
Swallowtail*	Papilio xuthus	S					UC
Glassy Tiger	Parantica aglea	O	O	O			VC
Oriental Straight Swift	Parnara bada	O					C
Five-bar Swordtail	Pathysa antiphates	S					C
Little Banded Swift	Pelopidas agna	O					C
Indian Cabbage White	Pieris canidia	C		S			VC
Small Cabbage White*	Pieris rapae	C					UC
Pale Grass Blue	Psedozizeeria maha	A	C				VC
Common Jester	Symbrenthia lilaea	S					C
Water Snow Flat	Tagiades litigiosus	O					C
Blue Tiger	Tirumala limniace	C	O	O			C
Common Five-ring	Ypthima baldus		A	A			VC
Punchinello	Zemeros flegyas	O					C
Total Species		61	26	23	3

Relative Abundance: A= Abundant; C = Common; O = Occasional; S = Scarce.

Commonness (Walthew 1997): UC = uncommon; C = common; VC = very common.

* Indicates Species of Conservation Interest
Table 10 Dragonfly Recorded in the Study Area

Common Names	Species Name	Relative Abundance					Commonness
		Secondary Woodland	Shrubland	Shrubby Grassland	Village/ Developed Area	Stream
Orange-tailed Sprite	Ceriagrion auranticum ryukyuanum					S	Abundant
Common Blue Skimmer	Orthetrum glaucum		S		S	S	Abundant
Common Red Skimmer	Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum					S	Abundant
Wandering Glider	Pantala flavescens		O	O			Abundant

Relative Abundance: A= Abundant; C = Common; O = Occasional; S = Scarce.